Their findings are “probably the most detailed instance so far” of what occurs to the mind of an insect present process metamorphosis, stated Deniz Erezyilmaz, a postdoctoral analysis scientist on the College of Oxford’s Middle for Neural Circuits and Habits who used to work in Truman’s lab however wasn’t concerned on this work. The outcomes could apply to many different species on Earth, she added.
Past detailing how a larval mind matures to an grownup mind, the brand new research supplies clues to how evolution made the event of those bugs take such a wild detour. “It’s a monumental piece,” stated Bertram Gerber, a behavioral neuroscientist on the Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology who was not concerned within the research however co-authored a related commentary for eLife. “It’s actually the climax of 40 years of analysis within the discipline.”
“I name this ‘The Paper’ in capitals,” stated Darren Williams, a researcher in developmental neurobiology at King’s School London who was not concerned within the research however is a longtime collaborator of Truman’s. “It’s going to be essentially necessary … for many questions.”
A Detour on the Technique to Maturity
The earliest bugs 480 million years in the past emerged from eggs wanting very similar to smaller variations of their grownup selves, or else they continued their “direct improvement” to get steadily nearer to their grownup type, simply as grasshoppers, crickets and another bugs do at the moment. Full metamorphosis appears to have arisen in bugs solely round 350 million years in the past, earlier than the dinosaurs.
Most researchers now imagine that metamorphosis developed to minimize the competitors for assets between adults and their offspring: Shunting larvae into a really totally different type allowed them to eat very totally different meals than the adults did. “It was a terrific technique,” Truman stated. Bugs that began to bear full metamorphosis, like beetles, flies, butterflies, bees, wasps and ants, exploded in quantity.
When Truman was a toddler, he spent hours watching bugs undergo the method. With the lacewings specifically, “I used to be intrigued by the ferocity of the larva versus the fragile nature of the grownup,” he stated.
His childhood ardour finally become a profession and a household. After he married his doctoral adviser, Lynn Riddiford, who can be a professor emerita on the College of Washington, they traveled the world, accumulating bugs that metamorphose and others that don’t, to match their developmental paths.
Whereas Riddiford targeted her work on the impact of hormones on metamorphosis, Truman was most within the mind. In 1974, he printed the first paper on what occurs to the mind throughout metamorphosis, for which he tracked the variety of motor neurons in hornworm larvae and adults. Since then, quite a few research have detailed totally different neurons and components of the brains of larvae and adults, however they’re both anecdotal or targeted on very small points of the method. “We didn’t have a lot of an enormous image,” Truman stated.
Truman knew that to essentially perceive what’s occurring to the mind, he had to have the ability to hint particular person cells and circuits by way of the method. The nervous system of a fruit fly supplied a sensible alternative to try this: Though a lot of the fruit fly larva’s physique cells die because it transforms into an grownup, lots of the neurons in its mind don’t.
“The nervous system has by no means been capable of change the best way it makes neurons,” Truman stated. That’s partly as a result of the nervous system in all bugs arises from an array of stem cells known as neuroblasts that mature into neurons. That course of is older than metamorphosis itself and never simply modified after a sure stage of improvement. So whilst almost all the opposite cells within the fruit fly’s larval physique are eradicated, a lot of the unique neurons are recycled to operate anew within the grownup.
The Transformed Thoughts
Many individuals think about that in metamorphosis, because the larval cells start to die or rearrange themselves, the physique of the insect inside its cocoon or exoskeletal casing turns into one thing like a soup, with all of the remaining cells fluidly sliding round collectively. However that’s not fairly proper, Truman defined. “Every thing has a place … but it surely’s actually delicate, and for those who open the animal up, every part simply bursts,” he stated.
To map the mind modifications in that gelatinous mass, Truman and his colleagues scrutinized genetically engineered fruit fly larvae that had particular neurons that shone a fluorescent inexperienced underneath the microscope. They discovered that this fluorescence typically light throughout metamorphosis, so that they used a genetic approach they had developed in 2015 to activate a purple fluorescence in the identical neurons by giving the bugs a selected drug.
It’s a “fairly cool methodology,” stated Andreas Thum, a neuroscientist at Leipzig College and co-author of the commentary with Gerber. It lets you take a look at not only one, two or three neurons however a complete community of cells.
The researchers zoned in on the mushroom physique, a area of the mind vital for studying and reminiscence in fruit fly larvae and adults. The area consists of a bunch of neurons with lengthy axonal tails that lie in parallel strains just like the strings of a guitar. These neurons talk with the remainder of the mind by way of enter and output neurons that weave out and in of the strings, making a community of connections that permit the insect to affiliate odors with good or dangerous experiences. These networks are organized in distinct computational compartments, just like the areas between the frets on the guitar. Every compartment has a process, resembling guiding a fly towards or away from one thing.
Truman and his workforce discovered that when the larvae bear metamorphosis, solely seven of their 10 neural compartments are integrated into the grownup mushroom physique. Inside these seven, some neurons die, and a few are reworked to carry out new grownup features. All of the connections between the neurons within the mushroom physique and their enter and output neurons are dissolved. At this transformation stage, “it’s type of this final Buddhistic scenario the place you don’t have any inputs, you don’t have any outputs,” Gerber stated. “It’s simply me, myself and I.”
The enter and output neurons within the three larval compartments that don’t get integrated into the grownup mushroom physique fully shed their outdated identities. They depart the mushroom physique and combine into new mind circuits elsewhere within the grownup mind. “You wouldn’t know that they have been the identical neurons, besides that we’ve been capable of each genetically and anatomically comply with them by way of,” Truman stated.
The researchers recommend that these relocating neurons are solely momentary company within the larval mushroom physique, taking up crucial larval features for some time however then returning to their ancestral duties within the grownup mind. That’s in line with the concept that the grownup mind is the older, ancestral type inside the lineage and the less complicated larval mind is a derived type that got here a lot later.
Along with the reworked larval neurons, many new neurons are born because the larva grows. These neurons should not utilized by the larva, however at metamorphosis they mature to turn out to be enter and output neurons for 9 new computational compartments which are grownup particular.
The mushroom physique within the larva appears similar to the grownup model, Thum stated, however “the rewiring is basically intense.” It’s as if the inputs and outputs of a computational machine all acquired disrupted however nonetheless someway maintained their wi-fi performance, Gerber stated. “It’s nearly as for those who would intentionally unplug and replug” the machine.
Consequently, the grownup mind’s mushroom physique is “essentially … a totally new construction,” stated K. VijayRaghavan, an emeritus professor and former director of India’s Nationwide Middle for Organic Sciences who was the primary editor of the paper and was not concerned within the research. There isn’t any anatomical indication that reminiscences may have survived, he added.
The Fragility of Reminiscence
Researchers have been excited by this query of whether or not a larva’s reminiscences can carry by way of to the grownup insect, Williams stated, however the reply hasn’t been clear-cut.
The sorts of reminiscences that stay within the mushroom physique of a fruit fly are associative reminiscences, the sort that hyperlinks two various things collectively — the kind of reminiscence that left Pavlov’s canine salivating on the sound of a bell, for instance. For the fruit fly, associative reminiscences sometimes contain smells, they usually information the fly towards or away from one thing.
Nevertheless, their conclusion that associative reminiscences can’t survive is probably not maintain true for all species. Butterfly and beetle larvae, for instance, hatch with extra complicated nervous techniques and extra neurons than fruit fly larvae have. As a result of their nervous techniques begin out extra sophisticated, they could not need to be remolded as a lot.
n","settings":{"socialLinks":[{"type":"facebook","label":"Facebook","url":"https://www.facebook.com/QuantaNews","__typename":"SocialMediaLink"},{"type":"twitter","label":"Twitter","url":"https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine","__typename":"SocialMediaLink"},{"type":"youtube","label":"YouTube","url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel","__typename":"SocialMediaLink"},{"type":"instagram","label":"Instagram","url":"https://instagram.com/quantamag","__typename":"SocialMediaLink"},{"type":"rss","label":"RSS","url":"https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/","__typename":"SocialMediaLink"}],"newsletterAction":"https://quantamagazine.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe/publish?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c","newsletterUrl":"http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/house/?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c","sfNotice":"An editorially impartial publication supported by the Simons Basis.","commentsHeader":"
n","channels":[{"title":"The Joy of Why","slug":"the-joy-of-why","description":"The mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews leading researchers about the great scientific and mathematical questions of our time.","featured_image":{"alt":"","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1.jpg","width":2560,"height":1440,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1-520x293.jpg","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1-160x160.jpg","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1-520x520.jpg","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1-1720x968.jpg","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1-768x432.jpg","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoW_Quanta_2560x1440-1-1.jpg","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"square_image":{"alt":"","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600.jpg","width":600,"height":600,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600-520x520.jpg","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600-160x160.jpg","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600-520x520.jpg","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600.jpg","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600.jpg","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/Jaki-King-General-Quanta_600.jpg","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"subscribe_itunes_link":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-why/id1608948873","subscribe_spotify_link":"https://open.spotify.com/show/2FoxHraQSKwxV2HgUfwLMp","subscribe_android_link":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi13aHk","subscribe_stitcher_link":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-joy-of-why","__typename":"Channel"},{"title":"Quanta Science Podcast","slug":"quanta-podcast","description":"Susan Valot narrates in-depth news episodes based on Quanta Magazine's articles about mathematics, physics, biology and computer science. ","featured_image":{"alt":"text reads Quanta Science Podcast","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp","width":2560,"height":1440,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520x293.webp","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-160x160.webp","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520x520.webp","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-1720x968.webp","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-768x432.webp","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"square_image":{"alt":"text reads Quanta Science Podcast","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":2560,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520x520.jpg","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-160x160.jpg","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520x520.jpg","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-1720x1720.jpg","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-768x768.jpg","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-2880x2880.jpg","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"subscribe_itunes_link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/quanta-science-podcast/id1021340531?mt=2&ls=1","subscribe_spotify_link":"https://open.spotify.com/show/7oKXOpbHzbICFUcJNbZ5wF?si=jdnj9sTHSD2bj4hDMFLKEA","subscribe_android_link":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdC8","subscribe_stitcher_link":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/quanta-magazine-2/quanta-magazine-podcast","__typename":"Channel"},{"title":"The Joy of x","slug":"the-joy-of-x","description":"The acclaimed mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews some of the world’s leading scientists about their lives and work.","featured_image":{"alt":"","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520x293.jpg","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160x160.jpg","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520x520.jpg","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720x968.jpg","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768x432.jpg","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"square_image":{"alt":"","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg","width":600,"height":600,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520x520.jpg","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160x160.jpg","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520x520.jpg","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg","large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Image"},"subscribe_itunes_link":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186","subscribe_spotify_link":"https://open.spotify.com/show/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ","subscribe_android_link":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw","subscribe_stitcher_link":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/the-joy-of-x","__typename":"Channel"}],"editors":[{"name":"Bill Andrews - Senior Editor, CS, Columns","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Ben Brubaker - Staff CS Writer","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Matt Carlstrom - Senior Engagement Editor","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Jordana Cepelewicz - Senior Math Writer","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Nadia Drake - Senior Physics Editor","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Konstantin Kakaes - Senior Math Editor","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Thomas Lin - Editor in Chief","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Michael Moyer - Deputy Editor, Physics, Math, CS","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"John Rennie - Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Yasemin Saplakoglu - Staff Biology Writer","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Samuel Velasco - Art Director","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Charlie Wood - Staff Physics Writer","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Christopher Young - Director of Video","__typename":"Editor"},{"name":"Hannah Waters - Senior Biology Editor","__typename":"Editor"}],"popularSearches":[{"term":"math","label":"Mathematics","__typename":"PopularSearch"},{"term":"physics","label":"Physics","__typename":"PopularSearch"},{"term":"black holes","label":"Black Holes","__typename":"PopularSearch"},{"term":"evolution","label":"Evolution","__typename":"PopularSearch"}],"searchTopics":[{"type":"Tag","label":"Podcasts","tag":{"name":"Quanta Podcast","slug":"quanta-podcast","term_id":"552","__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Tag","label":"Columns","tag":{"name":"Quantized Columns","slug":"quantized","term_id":"551","__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Series","label":"Series","tag":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Category","label":"Interviews","tag":{"name":"Q&A","slug":"qa","term_id":"567","__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":"Q&A","slug":"qa","term_id":"176","__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Category","label":"Multimedia","tag":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":"Multimedia","slug":"multimedia","term_id":"43","__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Category","label":"Puzzles","tag":{"name":"puzzles","slug":"puzzles","term_id":"542","__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":"Puzzles","slug":"puzzles","term_id":"546","__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"Category","label":"Blog Posts","tag":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":"Abstractions blog","slug":"abstractions","term_id":"619","__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"news","label":"News Articles","tag":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"},{"type":"videos","label":"Videos","tag":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"category":{"name":null,"slug":null,"term_id":null,"__typename":"Term"},"__typename":"SearchTopic"}],"searchSections":[{"name":"Mathematics","slug":"mathematics","term_id":"188","__typename":"Term"},{"name":"Physics","slug":"physics","term_id":"189","__typename":"Term"},{"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","term_id":"191","__typename":"Term"},{"name":"Computer Science","slug":"computer-science","term_id":"190","__typename":"Term"}],"searchAuthors":[{"id":"38171","name":"Adam Becker","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"28087","name":"Adam Mann","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"29794","name":"Alex Kontorovich","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53037","name":"Alex Stone","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"39302","name":"Alexander Hellemans","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"56","name":"Alla Katsnelson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"47249","name":"Allison Parshall","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"29458","name":"Allison Whitten","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"73","name":"Amanda Gefter","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53488","name":"Amos Zeeberg","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"39164","name":"Ana Kova","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"59","name":"Andreas von Bubnoff","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"8728","name":"Anil Ananthaswamy","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"11648","name":"Ann Finkbeiner","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50964","name":"Anna Funk","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50172","name":"Anna Gibbs","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"51678","name":"Anna Kramer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"42689","name":"Annie Melchor","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"95","name":"Ariel Bleicher","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"52094","name":"Arleen Santana","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15493","name":"Ashley Smart","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"450","name":"Ashley Yeager","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"36490","name":"Ben Brubaker","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"16315","name":"Bill Andrews","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"2752","name":"Bob Henderson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15492","name":"Brendan Z. Foster","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"68","name":"Brooke Borel","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54352","name":"C. Brandon Ogbunu","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"62","name":"Carl Zimmer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13684","name":"Caroline Lee","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13691","name":"Caroline Lee","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50","name":"Carrie Arnold","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15142","name":"Chanda Prescod-Weinstein","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"8084","name":"Charlie Wood","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"742","name":"Christie Wilcox","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"51630","name":"Christopher W. Young","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"11543","name":"Claudia Dreifus","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"57","name":"Courtney Humphries","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"7262","name":"Dalmeet Singh Chawla","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"70","name":"Dan Falk","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"55512","name":"Dan Samorodnitsky","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"19918","name":"Dana Najjar","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13695","name":"Daniel Garisto","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"32676","name":"Daniel S. Freed","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13724","name":"David H. Freedman","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"26310","name":"David S. Richeson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"30207","name":"David Tse","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"19266","name":"Devin Powell","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13251","name":"Diana Kwon","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"17000","name":"Elena Renken","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53469","name":"Elise Cutts","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54874","name":"Elizabeth Finkel","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"17149","name":"Elizabeth Landau","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"5279","name":"Elizabeth Preston","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"58","name":"Elizabeth Svoboda","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"32612","name":"Ellen Horne","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53047","name":"Elliot Lichtman","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"27534","name":"Emily Buder","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"25173","name":"Emily Levesque","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"64","name":"Emily Singer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"47","name":"Erica Klarreich","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"14784","name":"Erika K. Carlson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"98","name":"Esther Landhuis","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"5830","name":"Eva Silverstein","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"6793","name":"Evelyn Lamb","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"75","name":"Ferris Jabr","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"52","name":"Frank Wilczek","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"69","name":"Gabriel Popkin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"77","name":"George Musser","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"19092","name":"Grant Sanderson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54635","name":"Hannah Waters","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"20557","name":"Howard Lee","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"66","name":"Ingrid Daubechies","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"46418","name":"Ingrid Wickelgren","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"85","name":"Ivan Amato","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54757","name":"Jackson Ryan","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"37141","name":"Jake Buehler","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"44758","name":"James Dinneen","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"49403","name":"James R. Riordon","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"12170","name":"Janna Levin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54876","name":"Javier Barbuzano","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"32","name":"Jeanette Kazmierczak","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"51","name":"Jennifer Ouellette","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"44787","name":"Joanna Thompson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50541","name":"John M. Beggs","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"72","name":"John Pavlus","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"16475","name":"John Preskill","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"91","name":"John Rennie","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"10351","name":"Jonathan Lambert","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"31716","name":"Jonathan O'Callaghan","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"1241","name":"Jordana Cepelewicz","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"8463","name":"Joshua Roebke","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"49","name":"Joshua Sokol","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"16815","name":"jye","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"67","name":"K.C. Cole","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"37462","name":"Karmela Padavic-Callaghan","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"87","name":"Kat McGowan","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"36139","name":"Katarina Zimmer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"20556","name":"Katherine Harmon Courage","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"90","name":"Katia Moskvitch","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"39551","name":"Katie McCormick","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"27374","name":"Kelsey Houston-Edwards","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"40","name":"Kevin Hartnett","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"47633","name":"Konstantin Kakaes","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"45758","name":"Kristina Armitage","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"38413","name":"Lakshmi Chandrasekaran","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"12570","name":"Laura Poppick","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"38699","name":"Leila Sloman","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"23451","name":"Liam Drew","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"79","name":"Liz Kruesi","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"38","name":"Lucy Reading-Ikkanda","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"47180","name":"Lyndie Chiou","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"60","name":"Maggie McKee","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"2333","name":"Mallory Locklear","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"3569","name":"Marcus Woo","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"414","name":"Mark Kim-Mulgrew","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50807","name":"Marta Zaraska","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"20495","name":"Matt Carlstrom","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"47830","name":"Matt von Hippel","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"17147","name":"Matthew Hutson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"30953","name":"Max G. Levy","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"32437","name":"Max Kozlov","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"38705","name":"mcho","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"40613","name":"Melanie Mitchell","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"7186","name":"Melinda Wenner Moyer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"14093","name":"Michael Harris","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"34","name":"Michael Kranz","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"23","name":"Michael Moyer","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"74","name":"Michael Nielsen","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"19093","name":"Michele Bannister","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50861","name":"Mike Orcutt","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"1472","name":"Moira Chas","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"6476","name":"Monique Brouillette","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"42264","name":"Mordechai Rorvig","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"52093","name":"Nadia Drake","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"10","name":"Natalie Wolchover","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"37605","name":"Nick Thieme","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"43298","name":"Nicole Yunger Halpern","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"37428","name":"Nima Arkani-Hamed","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"19962","name":"Nola Taylor Tillman","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"51434","name":"Nona Griffin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"24","name":"Olena Shmahalo","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"1816","name":"Patrick Honner","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"84","name":"Peter Byrne","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"55","name":"Philip Ball","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"50804","name":"Polly Stryker","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"31","name":"Pradeep Mutalik","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"24011","name":"Puja Changoiwala","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"100","name":"Quanta Magazine","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"2784","name":"R. Douglas Fields","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"26114","name":"Rachel Crowell","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"9412","name":"Raleigh McElvery","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"820","name":"Ramin Skibba","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"1666","name":"Rebecca Boyle","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"20950","name":"Richard Masland","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"48","name":"Robbert Dijkgraaf","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"80","name":"Roberta Kwok","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15681","name":"Robin George Andrews","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"51187","name":"Robin Lloyd","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"24577","name":"Rodrigo Pérez Ortega","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"78","name":"Sabine Hossenfelder","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"23845","name":"Samuel Velasco","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"83","name":"Sarah Lewin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"55385","name":"Sarah Scoles","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53621","name":"Saugat Bolakhe","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"35441","name":"Scott Aaronson","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"76","name":"Sean B. Carroll","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15680","name":"Sean Carroll","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"7239","name":"Shannon Hall","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"44197","name":"Sheon Han","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"65","name":"Siobhan Roberts","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"5944","name":"Sophia Chen","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"61","name":"Steph Yin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"63","name":"Stephanie Bucklin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"26311","name":"Stephanie DeMarco","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"71","name":"Stephen Ornes","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"17148","name":"Steve Nadis","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"13356","name":"Steven Strogatz","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"17150","name":"Susan D'Agostino","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"39768","name":"Tamar Lichter Blanks","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"2960","name":"Tara C. Smith","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"52224","name":"Theo Nicitopoulos","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"14785","name":"Thomas Lewton","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"3","name":"Thomas Lin","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"54","name":"Tim Vernimmen","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"88","name":"Tom Siegfried","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"12964","name":"Vanessa Schipani","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"53","name":"Veronique Greenwood","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"86","name":"Virginia Hughes","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"3244","name":"Viviane Callier","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"89","name":"Wynne Parry","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"15913","name":"XiaoZhi Lim","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"42263","name":"Yasemin Saplakoglu","__typename":"AuthorList"},{"id":"45757","name":"Zack Savitsky","__typename":"AuthorList"}],"adBehavior":"in every single place","adUrl":"https://hear.quantamagazine.org/qsp","adAlt":"Get Entangled","adImageHome":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Web-Default_260.jpg","adImageArticle":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Article_160.jpg","adImageTablet":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Tablet_890.jpg","adImageMobile":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Web-Default_260.jpg","trackingScripts":"rnrnrnrnrnrnrnrn"},"theme":{"web page":{"accent":"#ff8600","textual content":"#1a1a1a","background":"white"},"header":{"kind":"default","gradient":{"shade":"white"},"stable":{"main":"#1a1a1a","secondary":"#999999","hover":"#ff8600"},"clear":{"main":"white","secondary":"white","hover":"#ff8600"}}},"redirect":null,"fallbackImage":{"alt":"","caption":"","url":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif","width":1200,"peak":600,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520x260.gif","square_small":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-160x160.gif","square_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520x520.gif","medium":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif","medium_large":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-768x384.gif","giant":"https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif","__typename":"ImageSizes"},"__typename":"Picture"}},"modals":{"loginModal":false,"signUpModal":false,"forgotPasswordModal":false,"resetPasswordModal":false,"lightboxModal":false,"callback":null,"props":null},"podcast":{"id":null,"taking part in":false,"length":0,"currentTime":0},"consumer":{"loggedIn":false,"savedArticleIDs":[],"userEmail":"","editor":false},"feedback":{"open":false},"cookies":{"acceptedCookie":false}},
env: {
APP_URL: 'https://www.quantamagazine.org',
NODE_ENV: 'manufacturing',
WP_URL: 'https://api.quantamagazine.org',
HAS_GOOGLE_ID: true,
HAS_FACEBOOK_ID: true,
},
}
Discussion about this post